Baboons :: essays papers

Primates Mandrills have a place with the Old World monkey family, Cercopithecidae. They are found in Africa, south of the Sahara just as in the Saudi Arabia desert (Class Notes 6/12/01). There are five subspecies of mandrills including the hamadryas, the Guinea, the yellow, the chacma, and the olive monkeys. Mandrills AND THEIR HABITAT The mandrill is the most boundless primate in Africa. Notable for their momentous capacity to adjust, monkeys can be found in an assortment of living spaces, running from semi-desert to rainforest, and from beach front territories to mountains. Their flexibility additionally reaches out to their taking care of propensities †monkeys will eat pretty much anything. The mandrill's eating regimen incorporates a wide assortment of plants, of which they eat each part: leaves, natural product, buds, blossoms, roots, bulbs, tubers, seeds, shoots, bark and even sap. With respect to meat, these ingenious monkeys will eat creepy crawlies, shellfish, little reptiles and creatures of land and water, rodents, winged creatures, fish, eggs and even youthful impala or domesticated animals. A few sorts of monkeys live in Africa and southwestern Arabia. These incorporate the hamadryas primate, which lives on fields and rough slopes of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and eastern Africa close to the Red Sea, and the chacma monkey, which occupies rough locales and open forests in southern Africa. Olive mandrills possess the Kekopey steers farm situated close to the town of Gilgil, Kenya. â€Å"The focal piece of the farm comprises of open meadow studded with incidental patches of shaggy bush, dispersed thornbush, and little forests of monster fever trees† (Smuts 17). They eat a wide assortment of nourishments including bugs, blossoms, leaves, products of brambles and herbs, and generally noteworthy of all, the grass itself. â€Å"Baboons eat the green pieces of sod during the blustery seasons and burrow for corms-the underground stockpiling organ of sedge grasses-when the farm is dry† (Smuts 17-18). They can convey food in pockets inside their cheeks. Likely the most genuine predators of monkeys are the huge carnivores, for example, cheetahs and panthers. Primates live for the most part on the ground however stay in bed such places as trees or precipices. â€Å"Throughout Africa monkeys accomplish some assurance from nighttime predators by dozing in tall trees or on precipices (Smuts 19). Normally each troop rests on an alternate precipice, yet sometimes two soldiers will share a solitary dozing site. Notwithstanding the predators recently referenced, mandrills share their range with eland just as other huge warm blooded creatures including zebra, warthog, jackals, and African bison.

Its A Wonderful Life Essays - Films, Its A Wonderful Life

Its A Wonderful life Picture a little youngster loaded with life and bliss. The adoration for his folks appears through his eyes, grin, and tears. A few people might want to imagine that those things about a youngster are actually what make life awesome. Individuals who feel that way have no clue how right they are. Its a superb life to realize that your parent's fantasies live on in you. The fantasy of a mother; that her child will be a specialist. The fantasy of a dad; that his child will sometime turn into a significant association baseball player. Above all else in the end, that a kid can say as a man, Its a Wonderful Life. It's a Wonderful Life are valid anecdotes about occasions that occurred in my life that will be with me until the end of time. I can recall when I was a young man, I played my first round of baseball. My granddad rehearsed with me the entire week before the game. Getting and tossing that baseball appeared to be a b-ball in my little hands. My granddad told me the best way to put my feet in the players box and how to bat. From that day on, I was enamored with the sport of baseball. Since I think back I wonder what implied more to me, getting that baseball or the way that my granddad showed me the game. As I became more seasoned and progressively develop I took in a great deal about my granddad. I was recounted tales about his life and what an incredible ballplayer he was. He could have gone ace, yet he didn't have the help of his folks. Rather he felt free to join the military. It would slaughter most men to come that near their fantasies, however on the off chance that you ask him it was an awesome life. I was currently a young person at sixteen years old, and the time had come to get my driver's permit. This was a day that each parent fears, and my mother was one of them. I can recall approaching my mom for the vehicle keys with the goal that I could take my street test. I identified a little grin under her moving eyes and stone hard scowl. My mother saw how she felt when she got her permit. It implied opportunity and duty regarding somebody she raised from a child. I can at present recall mother saying, You damn children grow up excessively quick as a solitary tear moved down her face. That night I didn't go out. My mom and I talked for hours about how it was the point at which she was youthful. It was a charming night just conversing with her. It was a brilliant life. Graduation day from secondary school never comes soon enough, so we think. Until the day is over then we wish a large portion of our lives we could return to that time. It was the 6th of June 1996, graduation day. I never felt so glad to have a bit of paper in my grasp. That paper was worth four years of my life. It represented my unpleasant days at school. It implied four years of baseball, football, and wrestling. The long stretches of my life that were difficult to suffer, yet so natural to think back on. These were the days that tried my information and soul. These are the individuals and spots that will live in my memory until the end of time. There was a spot called Leather treater Park. This was the spot everybody went to escape from everything. Individuals flaunted their vehicles and tossed around the old football. The young ladies there wouldn't care much about me, yet however I despite everything figured out how to have a ton of fun. I recall the throughout the night parties that appeared to never end. In spite of the fact that these four years of my life were during my adolescence, they helped make it a magnificent life. My life isn't finished. The existence I live is far from over. I don't lament any of the things that I've said or done in light of the fact that they are what make up my life. The fantasies my folks have for me live on in my heart ordinarily alongside my own. It doesn't make a difference if those fantasies become reality, for I realize I've invested my best energy forward and that my fantasies will live on in my kids. That is the thing that will make my life genuinely awesome.

6 Books with Classic Authors as Crime Fighters

6 Books with Classic Authors as Crime Fighters Somerset Maugham’s semi-autobiographical spy novel, Ashenden, casts the hero as a writer by profession. Maugham emphasizes the role storytelling plays in both literature and espionage. Ashenden is told during his recruitment, “You know you ought to get material that would be useful to you in your work.” Such enlistment of academics, journalists, and writers as agents is a common trope in spy fiction. These careers enable operatives to travel incognito under the pretense of research. Plus, their training in observation, documentation, and analysis is natural tradecraft. Maugham is not the only author to acknowledge the relation between spying and writing. W.H. Auden described the poet as “a mixture of spy and gossip,” while Graham Greene claimed that ‘‘every novelist has something in common with a spy.” Taking such comparisons a step further, an emergent category of mysteries reimagines classic writers as spies or detectives. These books borrow conventions of historical fiction, but adding a notable author connects genre fiction to the canon of important Literature. Whether extending an author’s body of work or developing an origin story, these mysteries make classic works more accessible for readers. Here are 6 novels that recast classic authors as crime fighters: The Singer from Memphis by Gary Corby In Corby’s sixth Athenian mystery, historian Herodotus hires investigator Nicolaos as protective detail during Egypt’s rebellion against Persia. Herodotus is a double agent for the enemy, but he is more concerned with recording the deeds of men than passing secret information to the Persians. In recreating the setting and characters of the ancient world, Corby draws from Herodotus’s The Histories. His most important use of this work, though, is the depiction of political instability that still afflicts Egypt and Libya. A Prisoner in Malta by Phillip DePoy Queen Elizabeth I’s famed spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham, recruits Cambridge student Christopher Marlowe to rescue a Spanish captive. Walsingham believes this prisoner possesses knowledge of the planned invasion of England and murder of the queen. Caught in a conspiracy between English nobility, the Spanish government, and the Pope, the swashbuckling Marlowe uses his talent for persuasion and role-playing to prevent the assassination. This theatre of deception initiates Marlowe’s own fame as a playwright and his rumored secret service to the crown. Jane and the Waterloo Map by Stephanie Barron When the Prince Regent invites Jane Austen to his London home, she discovers the body of Colonel MacFarland in the library. His final words, “Waterloo map,” send Jane on a mission to decode this map and identify the Colonel’s murderer. Barron replicates Austen’s biting criticism of social norms, particularly in her focus on the publication of Emma. Janes begrudging dedication of the novel to the Prince Regent emphasizes publishing difficulties for female authors in the early 19th century. Murder as a Fine Art by David Morrell When the 1811 Ratcliffe Highway murders are re-enacted in an 1854 slaying, Thomas De Quincey becomes Scotland Yard’s prime suspect, thanks to his detail of the earlier killings in his satirical essay “On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts.” De Quincey uses a combination of psychology and an opium haze to solve these copycat murders. Recalling the terror of De Quinceys essay, Morrell’s graphic descriptions of violence mimic the tone of sensational Victorian literature. Speakers of the Dead by J. Aaron Sanders Struggling journalist Walt Whitman is intent on clearing the names of the wrongfully executed Abraham and Lena Stowe. Investigating the Stowe’s misfortunes leads Walt into the New York underworld of grave robbing and the trafficking of dead bodies for medical research. These events cultivate Whitman’s poetic sensibility, as he matures from a mediocre prose writer into the poet of democracy. Sanders reflects this quality in his depiction of marginalized classes and his interpretation of Whitman’s own fluid sexuality. The Other Side of Silence by Philip Kerr Detective Bernie Gunther returns to the job after a former Gestapo officer threatens to release a compromising picture of gay novelist Somerset Maugham. Gunther must determine whether the blackmailer is preying on Maugham’s homosexuality, which was still a criminal offense, or his ties to the intelligence services. While his cynical depiction of espionage is a nod to Maugham’s Ashenden, Kerr provides a serious critique of cultural repression and sexual identity. Through its inherent process of interrogation, crime fiction allows authors to question historical truths and reinterpret dominant narratives. Thus, I can imagine Ralph Ellison using the erasure of his identity to redress racial injustices or Ryu Murakami surveying Japanese geopolitics in a dystopian, cyberpunk thriller. Which authors would you like to see reinvented as detectives? Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Sociological Imagination Option 1 - 830 Words

SFD #1 The Sociological Imagination [Option 1] Each day people are faced by many external forces. Events such as deadlines, tests, or meetings are just a few examples of external forces that an individual faces on a daily basis. However, many do not realize the larger, more innate forces that are in play that we do not think about. For instance, concepts like globalization, the state of the economy, or even the community we live in, all play an important influence in shaping our daily lives. This concept is embodied through C. Wright Mills sociological imagination. Essentially, it looks at our daily lives from a different perspective and understanding the larger social forces of culture that affect our daily lives. In this paper, I will be demonstrating how the sociological imagination applies to education and my route to entering medical school. Personal Explanation From a very young age, I have always wanted to become a doctor. However, over time I have learned the reality of why becoming a doctor is so difficult. I have encou ntered a great deal of stress due to grades and management of extracurricular activities. Furthermore, it is a very competitive field as there many individuals around me that also dream of becoming doctors. It is not only people from my school, but also individuals across the entire nation that wish to enter medical school. It is a competitive process that requires hard work and dedication. The path to entering medical is oneShow MoreRelatedA Sociological Perspective On Homelessness1587 Words   |  7 Pagesare not suitable for human inhabitation. Most states account of for less than 1% of homeless population, whereas Texas contains approximately 5.4% of America’s homeless population. In San Antonio, there are approximately 2,981 people who are homeless each day, and 1,243 are unsheltered. Through a sociological perspective, the social problems of homelessness can be analyzed through the concept of sociological imagination, the comparison of the person-blame approach and the system-blame approach, andRead MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills852 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, as if they were an â€Å"invisible minority†. In order to recognize the influence of society forces on our personal lives, C. Wright Mills created a concept known as sociological imagination, which allows people to become aware of the relationship between personal experiences and the larger society (1959, 1). With sociological imagination, we can view the problem as a trouble or as an issue. Troubles occur from an individual perspective, within the character and within his or her immediate social relationsRead MoreEssay on Understanding Social Issues839 Words   |  4 Pagesintimate setting, therefore most of the time when a family suffers from brokenness they are ashamed to mention so and seek help. C. Wright Mills developed a term called sociological imagination(1) and if those who have experienced or is currently experiencing brokenness within the family woul d use their sociological imagination they will come to realize their private problems will possibly affect a public world if they do not do seek professional help immediately. One remedy is values. ValuesRead MorePro Life Or Pro Choice1524 Words   |  7 Pagesat any time before completion of pregnancy (Merriam-Webster).† When a woman elects to end her pregnancy, she has two options depending on how many weeks pregnant she is. The first option is a medical abortion (which means taking medicine to end the pregnancy). The second choice is a surgical abortion such as vacuum aspiration or dilation and evacuation, which is the only option after 9 weeks. People who are involved in the pro-life movement are considered to be anti-abortionist. Pro-life advocatesRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1456 Words   |  6 Pageschildren that are unprepared for adulthood and adulthood’s responsibilities. C. Wright Mills is a famous sociologist whom created the Sociological Imagination. The Sociological Imagination in Mr. Mills own words is â€Å"the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society.† (ABOUT). Domestic Violence relates to the sociological imagination in the way that it impedes the social interaction between people and negatively influences people, friends, family, and their surroundingsRead Moregender socialization992 Words   |  4 Pageswith as many toys as possible. Hundreds of thousands of toys flood kid stores such as Toys R Us, Baby Depot, and KB toys. With imagination, kids are able to become doctors, presidents, and princesses during the contents of one day. Television shows such as Barney or Blues Clues encourage having such imagination, thus inspiring kids to want to become one of the many options stores can transform them into. Walking into a regular toy store, people generally do not dissect the sexism that lays withinRead MoreSocial And Economical Concepts Of Sole Parent Families Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesengage with other perspectives and the stereotypical views this family group are faced with in today’s modern society, Therefore to present the measures of risk and hardship sole parents and their children face, lastly this essay will explore the sociological theory and research findings from academic sources that will also support my perspectives, that is that Sole parent families are living on the edge of poverty and it is these families that are most at risk of being affected by inequality and disadvantageRead MoreHow Similar or Different Is the Eastern Notion of Balance in the Human Body to the Western Medical Science Belief s About the Nature of the Human Body?1882 Words   |  8 Pagesshould be referenced using APA style. Step 1: Carefully choose one question from the Reflective Learning and Writing section of eModule 1 or 2 to guide your reflection. Write the question here: 2.5 How similar or different is the Eastern notion of balance in the human body to the Western medical science beliefs about the nature of the human body? Step 2: Reflect upon and analyse your experiences in relation to the topic of the question from Step 1, using the factors from Willis (2004, as citedRead MoreSociology and Religion1517 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"favor†, and â€Å"don’t know†. Marking a 1 on the ballot signified and opposed answer, while marking a O meant another option. In study number 2, the measure of examining who opposed abortion was constructed in the two ballots with the same answering system as the death penalty ballots. Respondents were given a question such as, â€Å"...should [it] be possible for a pregnant woman to obtain legal abortion â€Å"(2010). Following this question 6 possible answers were available, 1)†If thee is a strong chance of seriousRead MoreThe Differences Between Extrinsic And Intrinsic Religious Expression854 Words   |  4 Pages1. As found in the Livingston text the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic religious expressions is as follows, extrinsic is the people who find religion to be useful and can provide things like social status while intrinsic is people who use religion for themselves rather than an external reward such has social status. James’ is more interested in the self-surrender type of conversion. Extrinsic and intrinsic religious expression is related to James’s notion of conversion because James

Effects Of Exposure On Brain Development - 2164 Words

The topic chosen is the effect of exposure to alcohol prenatally on brain development. This topic is important because fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have had an estimated prevalence of 1 in 100 and represent the top source of avoidable developmental disability in North America (Treit et al., 2013). Many children diagnosed with a disorder of this type experience many developmental delays and fall behind there peers both cognitively and socially. Alcohol has the ability to harmfully influence the brain’s development through various means. When exposed to alcohol, genes can be transcribed incorrectly, oxidative stress can occur, and oxygen can be deprived from tissues leading to cell death (Treit et al., 2013).†¦show more content†¦Most research has focused on substantial exposure and not low-to-moderate quantities, making this study relevant. Past research has shown significant decreases in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes of those who were exposed to a large amount of alcohol in the womb. The first study was longitudinal in nature. Seventeen participants with FASD and twenty-seven controls aged five to fifteen years old were involved in the study. The FASD participants were recruited from a clinic specializing in FSD, and they had been diagnosed with an alcohol related disorder. FASD is a term that encompasses a few conditions of varying severity and participants of various conditions were included. T he patients underwent a special type of MRI scan called diffuse tensor imaging (DTI). 92 scans were collected total in this study and each participant received either two or three scans. Specific details of the brain’s white matter can be visualized by using DTI. Both groups had some commonalities in some structural areas that are expected to change as an outcome of development. DTI showed that there were microstructural anomalies in the areas of the brain including by not limited to the corpus callosum and connective fibers (Treit et al., 2013). When the white matter tracts of the two groups were compared, the FASD group had many abnormal structural changes. The areas where large differences were noted were in the

Amazom Free Essays

Part 1 Amazon. com is a popular and well-known multinational E-commerce company in the world, based in United State and expended the retail web site in United Kingdom on 15th October 1998 (D Brown, 2008), which composes of buying and selling products or services through internet and another essential computer network systems. Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon claimed that a company can be resilient is made by focusing on the customer (Zach, article, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Amazom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obviously, customer centricity (Mark, YouTube, 2009) is the tenet that Amazon is working on, which is the strongest key to raise the global prominence and earn the credits from their consumers and suppliers. By reaching the goal of customer satisfactions, Amazon divided their internal operation aim into five main parts of components to ensure that they have delivered what consumer needs, which is controlled by Lean system combined with the efficiency of Six Sigma system (Andrew, 2009, Mark, YouTube, 2013) and Pull system to shorten the time of operation and focus on identifying the needs of customer or place order to co-sourced. After that, both of them will send the parcel to Royal Mail or commercial courier after certificated and packed by Total Quality Management system (TQM) (Nigel, Alistair, Robert, 2011) and ABC Warehousing system (Jay, Barry, 2008) respectively. The first one is provide an easy purchase process and platform to customer that contain a user-friendly web page and mobile â€Å"app† (Annual report, legal proceeding, 2013) with clear catalogues, simple order and payment procedure to reduce the time of procurement. Second one is offer a wide range of goods selection (Annual report, Overview, 2013) from all over the world to fulfill different type of customer needs. Pricing management (Annual report, consumer, 2013) is also another important element; it can separate into two parts that are internal and external. Internal is the price of products that tempted the consumers with lowest possible price, which is operated by Amazon. External part is postage, Amazon provide Prime and Supersaver to lower the cost of shipment (Annual report, consumer, 2013) to their customers, but the delivery part is still handling by Royal mail or other logistic company. The next component is quality (Annual report, 2013) of the products that they have a set of quality level to decrease the defect or product return. The last one is efficiency (Annual report, 2013), sequence the duration of the operation from the order placed until ship out the parcel. In the meantime, Drop Shipping (Annual report, 2013) is providing by some of the vendors of Amazon to shorten to procedure. Furthermore, the speed of problem solving is fast since Amazon is using E-mail and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) (Nigel, Alistair, Robert, 2011) to communicate with their customer and vendors. Amazon is performed well in the internal supply chain system, yet there still have some conundrum appear frequently such as the unpredictable delivery time, delivery address label and document missed (Cathrin, 2007), postmen did not even knock their door to save time when deliver (Andrew B, 2012), no one response during long holiday (G. Charlton, 2013), ignore the request from customers (A. Jones, 2011) and customer needs to postpone the shipping time (M. Lewis, 2011). Here also have some customer reviews as following that had experience of online shopping. Fiona blamed that she got her parcel a year late (Andrew B, 2012). Tony Rudder said that he had been waiting a package for a whole day in his house, but he just discovered a little note on the floor saying that they tried to delivery his parcel at the end (Andrew B, 2012). Richard Wilding claimed that his parcel was founded about half a mile away from his house few weeks later (Andrew B, 2012). The above customers’ reviews showed that the system of delivery is existence some significant factor that infuriating their customers and also losing the confidence from the consumers. According to the research studies, since the whole system of Amazon is complex and unsure with people involved such as unpredictable human being of psychological issues that may affect the outcome, so that, Soft System Methodology (SSM) (Checkland, 1999) with tools CATWOE, â€Å"Rich Picture† and Root Definition will be the ideal way to apply in this case. As shown in the â€Å"Rich Picture† (Figure 1), it indicated that once the computer system received the order from customer, it directly assign to the distribution center. But then, there has a blockage appear between the logistic part and customers after Amazon passed the parcel to Royal Mail or other commercial couriers, it is because of customer is unable to predict and check the exact arrive time of the parcel by themselves. Moreover, when customer tries to contact with the customer service of Amazon, the staff may not answer immediately due to the part of delivery is not under their control. With the reviews and tools of CATWOE (Appendix 1), Root Definition will be formed. Amazon owned system operated by staffs of Amazon that supports since received order from customer to parcel delivered. All goods need to passed a standard quality control in order to provide a quality products and also with good service of delivery on time, while recognizing the constraints of the barriers of third party logistic company. Concluded with the analysis of delivery conundrum of Amazon, we found that they should strengthen the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) (Andrew, 2009) to achieve the objective of delivery service to meet customer expectation. Besides, cooperate with a logistic company that operated with good Technology Management (TM) (Jay, Barry, 2008) with new IT system to enhance the value of delivery. To begin with the whole delivery process, three best delivery dates and time selected by customers should be added in the purchase procedure. Secondly, use GPS (eCourier, 2013) real time tracking system to monitor the parcel once it passed to the logistic company; let customers check with their smartphone. In the meanwhile, the computing system will send a pre-delivery alert SMSy (Whitepapers) and 1 hour before the parcel arrive reminder to the customer that make sure the parcel can be well delivered. The other advantage would be allowing customer to rearrange the delivery time with SMS (Whitepapers). At last, use a PIN code (The iBin, 2013) to identify the parcel delivered to the right person. Figure 1 CATWOE of Amazon Customers| Customer/ Buyer| Actors| Staff of Amazon| Transformation process| Received order from customer transformed into parcel delivered| World View| Parcel delivered means ensured that customer received a quality products which passed the standard control and good service of delivery. | Owner| Amazon| Environment constraints| Barriers by the third party logistic company| How to cite Amazom, Papers

Firm resources and sustained competitive - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Firm resources and sustained competitive. Answer: Introduction: Strategy farmed by the organization includes goals and objectives of the organization and it also define the major plans to be achieved and for this purpose it include the current activities conducted by the organization and further activities also. In other words, strategy is the common thread which mainly link the activities conducted by the organization and external markets. Particular rules are adopted by the management for the purpose of assessing the four key elements and these rules include products and markets in which organization are interested, changes made in plans for this component, operational synergies, and competitive advantage(Ansoff, 2007). Strategic process of any organization creates an important connection with the external environment for the purpose of conducting strategic analysis. External environment of the organization must be considered as important part for strategic analysis and this environment is broader in scope. It is necessary for organization to consider all possible solutions and other external environmental factors while framing the best strategy to meet the organizational objectives(Barney J. , 1991). Structure of the report includes importance of external environment in strategic management and issues faced by strategy makers, barriers which results in issues and problems while making the strategy, argument in this context, action plan, recommendations. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Importance of external factors in strategic management: Evaluation of external factors mainly focused on the future and it mainly consider those factors that are important for the organization. Organization of the external environment is the organization which has set of factors lies outside the organization. For example, economic, social and political trends of the country, technological capabilities and competition, could in some manner affect the activities of the organization for the purpose of achieving its goals. The main aim of the external environment strategic analysis is to consider these external factors and their effect. Some of these factors are trade relations of the organization and conditions related to investment liberalization, development of technology, rapid changes occurred in conditions, globalization, expansion of consumers choice, increased competition(Barney, 1997). Continuous changes are occurred in the external environment and it results in dynamic business environment. Pressure is created on companies to reduce their cost, increase efficiency and quality level of innovation. Specifically, increase in competition also give rise to the question that is how to retain existing profitable customers and it also how to attract new customers in the organization. Various factors provide high degree of competition to the companies operated in market and these factors include changes occurred in the choice and need of the consumers and number of business entities are increased. Competition is considered as force which pushes the organizations to make changes in their search related to effective solutions for the issues. Therefore, it is necessary for organization to know how to deal with these issues(David, 2007). For the purpose of establishing strong position in the market and for earning high profit to increase the advantages, companies adopt different strategies. Some organizations mainly consider the price of their products, some consider quality of the products, and some organizations other factors(Grant M. , 2005). Marketing strategy framed by organization mainly helps the organization to determine whether business is possible in competitive environment. It must be noted that marketing strategy of the organization does not framed on the basis of random factors, but strategy is influenced by the macro environment (uncontrollable environmental factors) and also the micro environment. It includes external forces and these forces are linked with the will of the company for the purpose of achieving its goals. It affects the internal structure of the company and also culture, personnel, production and financial opportunities. All these factors are evaluated by the organization as a complete opportunity for improving the competitiveness. For the purpose of ensuring effective working of the marketing strategy, organization must determine the internal and external conditions and also the internal and external conditions of their competitors. Evaluation of external factors helps the organization to ensure active mode of management instead of passive. In active mode of management, managers mainly consider the future events and plan accordingly, and he also considers the available opportunities and other situations which are favorable for the organization. Active mangers recognize the threats for the organization and how to deal with these threats. Therefore, it can be said that organization with active managers are efficient, effective and successful(Grant, 2008). Porters five forces of model: Porters five forces of model are used by organizations as an analysis tool, and in this five industry forces are used for the purpose of determining the intensity of the organization and also the level of profitability. This model was created in 1979 by M. Porter, and through this organization determines the five key competitive factors which directly affect the industry. Following are the five competitive factors which must be analyze by the organization: Threats- this force consider the entry of new entrants in the market, and determine how easy it is for organization to enter into particular market. It is necessary for the existing organizations to create high barriers to reduce the entry of new entrants(Future orientation, 2010). Bargaining power of suppliers- strong power of bargaining enables the suppliers to sell the raw materials at higher price and also low quality raw materials to the buyer. All these factors directly influenced the profits of the buying firms. Bargaining power of buyers- in this if bargaining power of the buyers is strong then they can demand lower price or higher product quality from industry producers. Threats of substitutes- This factor consider the threat of alternatives, in which it is easy for buyers to find the substitute products with attractive prices or better quality and when buyers switch from one product or service to another with little cost. Rivalry from existing competitors- this force is considered as major determinant on how competitive and profitable an industry is. This model determines a structure of the industry and the competition level exists in the industry. In case any industry have low barriers in context of entry, very less buyers and suppliers, but with number of alternative products and competitors will be considered an competitive industry and therefore not very attractive because of its low profitability.(Dzemyda, 2014) Issues faced by strategy makers: Strategy makers face various issues while making the strategy for external environment factors. In other words, organizations face various issues while conducting strategic planning process and it is necessary to understand and address these issues. Some of these issues are stated in detail below: Task environment of any business includes the components of the environment that directly affects the company, and these components include suppliers, customers, and competitors. It is necessary for strategy maker to consider these components while making the strategy. This can be understood through example; customers is the most important part of the strategic decision making and any strategy which does not consider the needs and requirements of the customer can potentially results in great loss to the organization. Strategy makers also face the issue related to identification of components which indirectly affect the business activities such as government, socio-cultural, technological and economic conditions. This can be understood through example; organization must comply with the taxation, labor market and industry-related regulation and in case strategy makers fail to consider these factors will face severe issues such as loss of opportunity and new threats in future(ISU, 2015). Another issue faced by strategy makers is identification of reliable source of innovation. It must be noted that environment holds different reliable sources of innovation for the purpose of an entrepreneurial venture. Any success or outside event which is not expected by the organization can indicate a new business opportunity for the business. Strategy makers must frame the strategy which has scope of necessary innovations for the purpose of grabbing new opportunities in the market. Factors related to issues: Following are some factors of external environment which cause issues for strategy makers while conducting strategy planning process: Economic condition- economic conditions of any country directly influence the spending criteria of the consumers such as increase in rates of interest or high unemployment will reduce the consumption of non-essential goods. Competition- competition strength of any organization is a factor which constantly changed in the external environment of the business. Competitors affect various other factors such as they change the marketing strategies, products lines and prices. Technology- another important factor is technology and in this changes occurred on continues basis, and this factors continuously impose pressure on the business or organizations. Climate- changes occurred in climate is the severe threat because this change is only recognized if considered on a decade-by-decade basis. Effects of changes occurred in climate not fall equally on all nations and all businesses(Khalique, 2014). Law- changes occurred in taxation provisions and other laws directly affect the strategies framed by business. Sometimes these changes occurred overnight and with very little warning because o which business organizations does not get any time for the preparation. Media- another important factor which results in this issue is media, as it also result in important and continuous changes. The main driver which results in this change is technology and the rise of internet. Discussion: The main aim of strategic management is to understand the advantages of understanding the external factors of environment while framing the strategy. It also includes the understanding of these aspects and prepare for them. There are number of organizations which spend more resources and time for addressing the change instead of preparing them. Conclusion: After considering the above facts it can be said that Strategic process of any organization creates an important connection with the external environment for the purpose of conducting strategic analysis. External environment of the organization must be considered as important part for strategic analysis and this environment is broader in scope. Recommendation: It is also recommended to the business entities to evaluate all the necessary aspects of the external business environment before framing the main strategy of the organization, and for this purpose they must include all direct and indirect components of the external environment. Action plan: Action plan for strategic analysis of external environment analysis is stated below: Actions and objectives stated in the strategy and in this action are taken for defined objectives. After that manager decide the person or team who conduct these actions for achieving the objectives. Management also states the time and place when these actions are taken place and they also arrange the resources for the same. Lastly, progress and necessary information is communicated to the relevant person(Voiculet, 2010). References: (2010, 10 26). Retrieved 2 3, 2018, from Future orientation: https://futureorientation.net/2010/10/26/strategic-issue-management-systems-as-an-ability-of-organizational-future-orientation/ (2015). Retrieved 2 3, 2018, from ISU: https://www.fpm.iastate.edu/worldclass/strategic_planning.asp Ansoff, H. (2007). Strategic Management Classic. Hamsphire, UK: Palgrave MacMillan. Barney. (1997). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Prentise Hall, New Jersey. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, Volume 17. David, F. (2007). Strategic Management Concept and cases. Prentice Hall: upper saddle river, pearson. Dzemyda, I. (2014). Retrieved 2 3, 2018, from STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: https://repository.mruni.eu/bitstream/handle/007/11473/21643_Dzemyda_Strategic%20Management_WEB2.pdf?sequence=1 Grant. (2008). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Oxford Carlton: Blackwell Publishing Malden. Grant, M. (2005). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Wiley. Khalique, M. (2014). Retrieved 2 3, 2018, from Strategic Planning and Reality of External Environment of Organizations in Contemporary Business Environments: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271712548_Strategic_Planning_and_Reality_of_External_Environment_of_Organizations_in_Contemporary_Business_Environments Voiculet, A. (2010). The impact of external environment on strategy. Retrieved 2 3, 2018, from MPRA: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26303/1/Impact_of_external_environment_in_develop

Franklin D. Roosevelt Essays (3391 words) - Delano Family

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt is among the most remembered U.S. Presidents. Serving as President for more than twelve years, he was the only President to be elected four times. Roosevelt led the United States through its worst depression and its worst war. He tried his best to stay optimistic with our country and the decisions he made. In Roosevelt's first inaugural address, he asked for faith in America's future. He told the country, The only thing we have to fear is fear itself (Burns 1970, p. 238). That is the lesson that he taught our country to live by. Franklin was born on January 30, 1882, in Hyde Park, New York. He was the only child of James and Sara Roosevelt. Born into a very wealthy family, he grew up on his father's estate called Springwood. Being an only child, his parents adored him, but brought him up with a loving firmness. His father taught him that being wealthy also brought with it the responsibility of helping people who were not so lucky (Johnson 1967, p. 38). Franklin D. Roosevelt was always a very smart and educated young man. Growing up, Franklin's parents took him on many trips to Europe, where he studied and learned how to speak many different languages. He graduated from Harvard University in 1903 and then went on to get a degree from Columbia University Law School. But he never seemed to show an interest with doing legal work. In 1905, he married his distant cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt, whom he had been courting for some years before that. Franklin and Eleanor had six children together. Franklin took much pride and companionship in them. It wasn't until this time that Franklin decided to get involved with politics. In 1910, Roosevelt accepted an invitation from state Democratic leaders to run for the New York Senate. This was going to be a difficult task for Franklin because Republicans had controlled his district for over fifty years. But he was determined to do it. Roosevelt wanted a clean government and strongly opposed big city officials. With those requests, that was all he needed to win the election. Franklin became a state senator at the age of 29, and from then on, he was known as a very bold and skillful political fighter (Abbott 1990, p. 103). In 1913, President Wilson appointed him as assistant secretary of the Navy. This was the perfect job for FDR, as he said, I now find my vocation combined with my avocation in a delightful way. Politics being my 'vocation' and ships and naval history being my hobby or avocation' (Abbott 1990, p. 104). This job taught him, not only a lot about national politics, but especially about ways to get along with Congress. In 1914, Roosevelt ran for the D emocratic nomination as a candidate for the U.S. Senate, but lost by a large margin. He wanted to enter the military service in 1917, when the U.S. was involved in World War I, but was convinced instead to visit the battlefields and meet with military leaders overseas. This is how he became a national figure to the world. In the 192, Roosevelt was nominated for Vice-President under James M. Cox, who together, called for a campaign concerning U.S. membership in the League of Nations. They ended up getting defeated by Coolidge, though. This defeat did not really harm Roosevelt. By that time, he was already a well-established leader among the Democrats. Life seemed to be going all too well for FDR and his family until tragedy struck. In August 1921, Roosevelt fell into the water while sailing, which left him, not only partially paralyzed, but also with a severe case of polio. Many people thought that his career in politics had ended. But he continued his political activity out of his home, eventually gaining back the use of his hands, arms, and developed strong shoulders. He was determined to fight this disease with his best effort and he surely did. While doing this, he helped others do so, as well. In 1924, he established the Warm Springs Foundation, where people could go to get proper treatment for polio, even if they couldn't afford it. When he returned to politics

Roman Army - Recruitment, Legions, Siege Warfare More

Roman Army - Recruitment, Legions, Siege Warfare More The Roman army (exercitus) did not start out as the superlative fighting machine that came to dominate Europe to the Rhine, parts of Asia, and Africa. It began like the part-time Greek army, with farmers returning to their fields after a quick summer campaign. Then it changed into a professional organization with long terms of service far from home. The Roman general and 7-time consul Marius is considered responsible for the change of the Roman army into its professional form. He gave the poorest classes in Rome the opportunity to be career military, gave land to veterans, and changed the composition of the legion. Recruitment of Soldiers for the Roman Army The Roman army changed over time. The consuls had the power to recruit troops, but in the last years of the Republic, provincial governors were replacing troops without the approval of the consuls. This led to legionaries loyal to their generals rather than Rome. Before Marius, recruitment was limited to citizens enrolled in the top 5 Roman classes.  By the end of the Social War (87 B.C.) most of the free men in Italy were entitled to enlist and by the reign of Caracalla or Marcus Aurelius, it was extended to the entire Roman world. From Marius on there were between 5000 and 6200 in the legions. Legion Under Augustus The Roman army under Augustus consisted of 25 legions (according to Tacitus). Each legion consisted of about 6000 men and a large number of auxiliaries. Augustus increased the time of service from 6 to 20 years for legionaries. Auxiliaries (non-citizen natives) enlisted for 25 years. A legatus, supported by 6 military tribunes, led a legion, composed of 10 cohorts. 6 centuries made a cohort. By the time of Augustus, a century had 80 men. The leader of the century was the centurion. The senior centurion was called the primus pilus. There were also about 300 cavalry attached to a legion. Contubernium of Soldiers in the Roman Army There was one leather sleeping tent to cover a group of 8 legionaries. This smallest military group was referred to as a contubernium and the 8 men were contubernales. Each contubernium had a mule to carry the tent and two support troops. 10 such groups made up a century. Every soldier carried 2 stakes and digging tools so they could set up camp each night. There would also be slaves associated with each cohort. Military historian Jonathan Roth estimated there were 2 calones or slaves associated with each contubernium. The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion, by Jonathan Roth; Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte, Vol. 43, No. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1994), pp. 346-362 Legion Names Legions were numbered. Additional names indicated the place where the troops were recruited, and the name gemella or gemina meant the troops came from the merger of two other legions. Roman Army Punishments One way to ensure discipline was the system of punishments. These could be corporal (flogging, barley rations instead of wheat), pecuniary, demotion, execution, decimation, and disbandment. Decimation meant one in 10 soldiers in a cohort was killed by the rest of the men in the cohort by clubbing or stoning (bastinado or fustuarium). Disbandment was probably used for mutiny by a legion. Siege Warfare The first great siege war was waged by Camillus against the Veii. It lasted so long he instituted pay for the soldiers for the first time. Julius Caesar writes about his armys sieges of towns in Gaul. Roman soldiers built a wall surrounding the people to prevent supplies from getting in or people from getting out. Sometimes Romans were able to cut off the water supply. Romans could use a ramming device to break a hole in the city walls. They also used catapults to hurl missiles inside. The Roman Soldier De Re Militari, written in the 4th century by Flavius Vegetius Renatus, includes a description of the qualifications of the Roman soldier: Let, therefore, the youth who is to be chosen for martial tasks have observant eyes, hold his head up, have a broad chest, muscular shoulders, strong arms, long fingers, not too extended a wait measure, lean hams, and calves and feet not distended with superfluous flesh but hard and knotted with muscles. Whenever you find these marks in the recruit, do not be troubled about his height [Marius had set up 510 in Roman measurement as the minimum height]. It is more useful for soldiers to be strong and brave than big. Roman soldiers had to march at an ordinary pace of 20 Roman miles in 5 summer hours and at a fast military pace of 24 Roman miles in 5 summer hours carrying a 70-pound backpack. The soldier swore an oath of loyalty and implicit obedience to his commander. In war, a soldier who violated or failed to carry out the generals order could be punished by death, even if the action had been advantageous to the army. Sources Polybius (c. 203-120 B.C.) on the Roman MilitaryTraining Soldiers for the Roman Legion, by S. E. Stout. The Classical Journal, Vol. 16, No. 7. (Apr., 1921), pp. 423-431.Josephus on the Roman ArmyThe Antiqua Legio of Vegetius, by H. M. D. Parker. The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3/4. (Jul. - Oct., 1932), pp. 137-149.Roman Legionary Fortresses and the Cities of Modern Europe, by Thomas H. Watkins. Military Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 1. (Feb., 1983), pp. 15-25.Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 B. C., by K. W. Meiklejohn. Greece Rome, Vol. 7, No. 21. (May, 1938), pp. 170-178.

Abortion is it The Right Thing to Do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abortion is it The Right Thing to Do - Essay Example In the USA, the debate is predominantly between pro-life and pro-choice groups, which oppose and support abortion respectively. The contention in this paper will be to examine both sides of the debate with the intention to determine which side has a more solid argument on the matter. Since the legalization of abortion in 1973, its opponents have brought forward several arguments to protest against it, most of them being based on moral and religious as well as health grounds, and many of these have been and are still quite compelling. One of the most common arguments against abortion is that it is tantamount to murder,and inducing an abortioninvolves ending a human life; this is because most anti-abortionists mostly hold that life begins at conception. Pro-life groups often cite the fact that since there have been over 52 million abortions in the USA alone over the last forty years, abortion has quintessentially claimed more lives than most of the wars in modern times. As such, it is argued that those who procure and provide abortions are in essence conspirators in murder and should get the same treatment meted out to convicted murders. In addition, another reason why abortion is opposed is the danger involved in its procurement, owing to the fact that there are many parts of the world where abortion is either illegal or the facilities are not available. In addition, in comparison with other medical procedures, abortion is often unregulated, and as a result there are many instances of botched up abortions leading to severe complications, especially when it is procured illegally by unqualified personal (Vlassoff et al. 114). Despite the fact that abortions carried out legally and by qualified medical professionals are considered generally safe, it is estimated that since the legalization of abortion in 1973, over 347 women have been killed while undergoing abortion. It has also been speculated that abortion increases one’s risks of getting breast cancer by at least 50 percent in addition to being possible cause of complications and difficulty when giving birth in future. However, as long as abortion is legal and carried out in health facilities, women are informed of all the potential side effects before they agree to the procedure. That way they make an informed decision out of their own free will in more or less the same way the government respects smokers’ right to smoke despite the potential risks (Kilerbert). Pro-lifers have also been very vocal in propagating the argument that abortion is offensive to God, and since he is the only one who can create life, he should be the only one who can take it away; therefore, abortionists try to play God, which is both immoral and sinful. As aforementioned, several of the arguments put forward in opposition of abortion are actually quite tenable; however, they do not tell the whole story and many of them, especially the ones based on religion and morality, are highly subjective and often emotional. For instance, despite the beliefs of several religious organizations that abortion is illegal and despite the fact that none of the religiou s books such as the Bible or the Koran mentions it, not everyone comes from the same religious background or is a believer at all. As such, arguing

Internt TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internt TV - Assignment Example NBC The methods of delivering a video may change due to technological changes with the passage of time but story-telling via videos like cartoons, movies and news will never change. So, it can be predicted that a company like NBC that is a great media content provider will be able to stay in business. The overall trend of watching a greater part of vide content over the internet is not linked to a small demographic sector of the consumers but it is a rather consistent phenomenon across the globe and is popular among all ages and genders. (Fisher, 2007) As part of the action plan it has been suggested that NBC international should continue selling news and entertainment content to the TV and cable companies until the Internet TV industry becomes mature. However, the content produced by NBC should be compatible to Internet TV, hence, NBC must adapt to new business models in order to go through the transition phase from traditional TV to internet TV. The entire infrastructure and the me dia content should be transformed from traditional contents to digital contents in order to meet the requirements of the future generations of internet TV. It is possible for NBC to broadcast the content over Internet TV in two ways: Live broadcasts and on-demand videos. Using the live broadcasting method, the company can stream its content on their own official website and other internet TV service providers. On the other hand, on-demand video is the preparation of videos in a playlist form which are either hosted by the official website of the company or other channels. Playlists can be planned in different categories in order to cater the needs of different consumer segments like music, business and sports etc. The consumers should be given an opportunity to choose what to watch and when to watch. It has been recommended that NBC should adopt any one of the following types of new revenue streams: Subscription: Subscription fee can be charged either on per video basis or monthly b asis, for on-demand videos without advertisements. Free broadcasting: Using the free broadcasting from its official website or other Internet TV content providers, NBC should keep incorporating small advertisements like the present TV commercials in order to generate revenue. According to my opinion there is no loss expected to NBC in revenue streams, though the revenue generation may slow down a bit during the phase of transition from conventional TV to digital TV. Rogers It has been recommended for Rogers to develop and incorporate a cloud computing mechanism for the transition from traditional TV to Internet TV. With the help of cloud computing, not only a tremendous speed can be achieved but also the entire family would be able to stay online at the same time and watch whatever they want. Rogers should send video content to the cloud server where data would be stored and the internet TV providers will access them and display on request. The main advantage of this would be that t he company will gain revenue from both the consumers and the Internet TV providers. This would not involve any significant equipment costs to the company. The company would not need to manage and upgrade the servers it would be the Internet TV providing companies who will be doing it. The new revenue generation streams for Roger would be fee charged to the consumers for watching the content whereas the loss of revenue

Impact Of Woolf Reforms On Civil Justice System Law Essay

Impact Of Woolf Reforms On Civil Justice System Law Essay The Woolf reforms have successfully increased access to justice for litigants despite being confronted with extensive variables and multifaceted difficulties. However, the reforms have failed in some major aspects, ultimately falling victim to the notoriety and reality of legal reform. The civil justice system and the Woolf reforms will firstly be discussed, moving into an analysis of the prominent areas of the Civil Procedure Rules, with the essay concluding with an overall analysis of the reforms, exposing the reasons for its failures, in reference to the reality of the civil justice system. The Civil Justice System and the Emergence of the Woolf Reforms and Access to Justice The civil justice system has the dual function of serving the public good and acting as a private means. Its social purpose is to provide the machinery for giving effect to the rights of citizens, whilst contributing to the social and economic well being of the community and regulating the exercise of executive power under the democratic principle of the rule of law. For these purposes to be fulfilled, there must be effective access to justice with an awareness of every citizen of their rights, entitlements, obligations and responsibilities, and of the procedures for redress. The underlying basis of the Woolf reforms is therefore to ensure that the justice system provides opportunities for the public to make good their rights. An unambiguous aspiration to overhaul the justice system culminated in 1994, when the then Master of the Rolls, Lord Woolf, was appointed by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay, to assess the practices and procedures of the civil courts in England and Wales. There was a four year, all-embracing inquiry and extensive consultation process that made over three hundred recommendations designed to improve the limitations of civil litigation. There were two reports, published in June 1995 and July 1996, that revealed the findings of the wide-ranging inquiry and provided the foundation for the subsequent Civil Procedure Rules 1998. It is widely accepted that the perceived deficiencies of the civil justice system were met by proposals of radical change and the Woolf reforms were far more than a modification or clarification of the justice system. This investigation into the countrys legal system was required to maintain the integrity and political legitimacy of the system, preventing it from being brought into disrepute. The impact that the competency of a nations justice system can have on considerations such as the economy and political presence in international affairs was also recognised. This is especially the case when identifying London as a prominent dispute resolution centre in the world, attracting litigants from across the globe. The reputation of England and Wales was assessed and the pre-Woolf litigation landscape was in need of reform if this historic justice system was to maintain its standing as one of the most competent providers of justice. Findings of the Woolf Reforms The perceived deficiencies revealed by Woolfs inquiries were readily agreed by the users of the civil justice system. In essence, litigation in England and Wales was too slow, too expensive and too uncertain. These injustices were predominantly identified to be the result of the English adversarial tradition and allowing parties to assume the proactive and dominant case management role, leaving the judiciary to perform simply a reactive role. Too Slow The pre-Woolf landscape contained too much delay that crippled the efficiency of the system and provided a disincentive to those seeking to enforce their rights. This introduced an additional cause of stress, such as through making it more difficult to establish the facts and leading parties to settle for inadequate compensation.  [1]  Lord Woolf identified delay to be the direct result of the adversarial culture of litigation that lawyers practised within and thrived upon. The time taken to progress a case from an initial claim to final hearing was a matter of concern, especially in making litigation expensive. Too Expensive The ever-increasing cost of litigation was found to limit access to justice. However, for some academics, high costs do not automatically entail that low income citizens are prevented from participating in the justice process because of the existence of what Michael E. Stamp  [2]  has named the fiscal illusion, where a belief arises that legal services are becoming unaffordable because they have increased in relative price. Stamp argues that society must alter the proportion of income devoted to different goods and services and rely upon increasing the productivity of legal services to match the increasing costs rather than solely aiming to decrease costs whilst maintaining current levels of efficiency. The Woolf reforms took on the dual approach of aspiring to increase the output of the justice system and endeavouring to strip away unnecessary costs. Stamps comment is an understatement of how low income citizens are being priced out of litigation and fails to stress the importan ce of access to justice for every citizen, irrelevant of social or financial status. Despite the above debate, it is accepted that the cost of a claim is a barrier to some and a problem for all litigants  [3]  and in more direct opposition to Stamp, Sir Thomas Bingham  [4]  robustly describes costs to be a cancer eating at the heart of the administration of justice. The system was too expensive with patterns of costs being higher than the claim was worth. High costs act as a deterrent to those making and defending claims and a number of businesses say that it is often cheaper to pay up, irrespective of the merits, than to defend an action. For individual litigants the unaffordable cost of litigation constitutes a denial of justice.  [5]  The primary intention to provide justice for individuals and businesses was being undermined by the inefficient cost of the machinery. This begins to expose the cruel reality of accessing justice that will run throughout this assessment of the Woolf reforms. Too Uncertain Uncertainty for litigants was a simple but significant limitation of accessing justice arising from unpredictable costs, timings and timetabling, and the uncertainty of judicial decisions. Uncertainty constituted a strong deterrent for litigants and must not be minimised as an issue. The English Adversarial Tradition There was a definitive intention to shift the litigation culture from that of adversarialism to compromise, co-operation and settlement. Woolf described the adversarial system as likely to encourage an adversarial culture and to degenerate into an environment in which the litigation process is too often seen as a battlefield where no rules apply.  [6]  There was a determination of lawyers to manipulate court procedures, delay and disrupt the opposition counsel, increase the costs of the litigation for personal profit and impose professional protectionalism. Woolf identified that main procedural tools for conducting litigation efficiently have each become subverted from their proper purpose  [7]  and the powers of the court have fallen behind the more sophisticated and aggressive tactics of some litigators.  [8]  Lawyers were accused of abusing the disclosure of information, disputing unquestionable points, making tactical appeals and deploying tactics to drag out litigati on, thereby driving up costs. Any analysis of this tradition identifies that the burden of this abuse falls on the client. Woolf disclaimed any potential shift towards an inquisitorial system and abandoning adversarialism in its entirety, in order to maintain its benefits, such as its impartiality compared to inquisitorial techniques. The proposed reform of case management (as set out below), was therefore created to be compatible with the adversarial tradition, establishing conditions where it could survive the transfer of control from the parties to the judiciary. Conclusion on the Findings of the Woolf Reports The justice system was essentially failing the litigant, on and for whom the whole system should, in principle, focus and deliver. Fairness, speed of process, reasonable results and the availability of appropriate procedures were all found to be lacking within a system which promised all these goals. The impression of litigation is a fragmented, inefficient and incomprehensible system failing to fulfil its function and its potential, to promptly distribute affordable and certain justice. It is difficult to take issue with Lord Woolfs findings and the principles of reform that emerge from his conclusions. The reliability and diligence of the access to justice reports are uncontested and the research element of the reforms will continue to act as a valuable identification of the positives and, importantly, limitations of the civil justice system. In this facet of investigation and assessment, Woolf was undoubtedly successful. However, the means and choice of initiatives that Woolf proposed to remedy the exposed limitations are open to debate and critique, particularly when commonly identified as being radical and controversial in their nature and the direction in which they attempt to guide the justice system. Objectives of the Woolf Reforms The aims of the reforms can be condensed into one overriding objective, set out in Civil Procedure Rules 1.1, which was to increase the competency of the civil justice system to decide and deal justly the cases set before it. This includes such considerations as reducing excessive costs, ensuring cases are dealt with expeditiously, honestly and in a manner that is proportionate to their nature. This would create equal footing for parties, guaranteeing that there is a reasonable allotment of resources per case by the court. The vision of Woolf and the principles of his report were reinforced in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) which came into force on 26th April 1999. The CPR established a common set of procedures and rules for both the county courts and High Court to follow and gave effect to the three hundred plus changes, amounting to the most radical change to procedure in the last one hundred years. The Woolf reforms did not tinker with the existing system; they rewrote it.  [9]  The CPR are extensive, but some elements are considered to be more prominent than others. It is these that I will focus on in my assessment of the CPR as the implementation of the Woolf reforms. The following six elements of the CPR were, and continue to be, considered to have had the most effect on the English civil procedure. Case Management Technique Lord Woolf believed case management to be vital in solving the key problems of cost, delay and complexity, identifying that the three are interrelated and stem from the uncontrolled nature of the litigation process. In particular, there is no clear judicial responsibility for managing individual cases or for the overall administration of the civil courts.  [10]  The transfer of control from the parties to the judge was designed to improve the pace and efficiency of litigation through imposing tighter timeframes and reducing case duration. Woolf recommended that in relation to case management, the complexity of rules should be eased through modernising terminology and eliminating the distinctions between procedure and practice. Woolf not only sought to change the legal culture of the parties and their counsel, but also the role of the judiciary within an organised court service. Case management was an interventionist approach, imposing a more dominant role for the courts whilst not dismissing the English adversarial tradition in its entirety. The judiciary were equipped with wide discretionary powers, for example, imposing early trial dates and refusing any plea to delay the start of a trial. The governing role of the judge is a common aspect of other continental legal systems and its introduction constituted a shift of the English legal system towards the majority.  [11]   Positives Case management has improved access to justice through increasing the speed of litigation. This initiative determined that it was the judges rather than the lawyers who dictate pace. No longer are the larger claims allowed to fester in the do not touch drawers of solicitors filing cabinets.  [12]  Lawyers were too often judged to slow down litigation, Woolf himself regarding that in the majority of cases the reasons for delay arise from failure (by the lawyers) to progress the case efficiently, wasting time on peripheral issues or procedural skirmishing to wear down an opponent or to excuse failure to get on with the case.  [13]  Many academics view the shift in management from the lawyers to the more responsible and non-partisan judiciary to be an effective reform. For example, 98% of respondents to the 2001 Woolf Network Third Survey considered that the newly introduced Case Management Conferences worked well in their case.  [14]  The increase of discretionary power and control has meant that time-wasting and tactical applications have not been tolerated, and breaches of judicial instruction in relation to the final hearing can result in claims being struck out. Limitations It is argued that a judge does not necessarily or automatically possess the skills or know-how to manage cases competently, reducing the predictability of a claim. The concern is that competency levels are suggested to decrease down the ranks of the judiciary whilst the levels of discretion are maintained. Case management has also been argued to constitute judicial over-involvement, where lawyers who have obtained a deeper knowledge of the case are prevented from deciding how the case should progress. This not only places the responsibility irrationally with the judge, who has only briefly assessed the claim, but also could be construed as reflecting a mistrust of the professionalism of counsel to the dispute. Case management is predicted to fail as a permanent solution because the institution of judicial case management represents a one-time productivity increase where the immediate effect may be lower costs of obtaining justice, but, over the long run, the cost savings will evaporate as a direct result of the cost disease.  [15]  This educated prediction of unavoidable failure of case management, and the Woolf reforms and CPR as a whole, must be treated with care, because it is in essence a prediction. However, this calculated forecast of the reform process suggests a negative outcome of case management that cannot be ignored. The necessary technological advances within the system have also been insufficient to support the implementation of case management. The increased judicial use of computers and telephone conferences, the acceptability of email correspondence in many courts and the advantage of claims beginning online, have all been beneficial, but this is the limit of any technological input. This is not due to the lack of technology available, but rather the justice system barely tapping into the phenomenal potential of technology. It is characteristically a lack of resources and allocated funds that have limited the use of technology, thereby failing to adequately complement the reforms. Conclusion It is apparent that there should not be an outright restoration of the responsibility to manage cases back to the parties and their lawyers. The wholesale rejection of judicial case management does not emanate from a fair evaluation of an initiative that has speeded up litigation and, as a direct result, decreased costs. There must be a reassessment of this reform, with the aim of improving the ability of the judiciary to effectively administer and control cases, essentially through a development of training judges in management techniques. In combination with this training, it is vital that there is an increase in the availability of technological support. This initiative seems to be a clear example of the dangers of such an interventionist approach. Pre-Action Protocols Pre-action protocols constitute strict procedures and sensible codes of practice which are dependent upon the facts and nature of a case, which parties when confronted with the prospect of litigation are expected to follow. The original two protocols in the CPR, for example, concerned personal injury and clinical negligence respectively. The aim overall was to encourage the early settlement of claims and avoid litigation, such as through an early exchange of full information of the dispute. The protocols follow a similar pattern as the encouragement to participate in alternative dispute resolution, in that compliance with the protocols is not compulsory, but an unreasonable refusal to participate will affect the awarding of costs. Positives The success of the pre-action protocols is clear from their expansion from the original two to the current ten, in March 2010. The protocols have increased the structure and organisation of claims, creating certainty for litigants of the pre-trial steps that they are expected to take, such as the effort to settle. This sequentially has stimulated increased levels of dispute resolution and early settlement through the improvement of the pre-action investigation, earlier exchange of information and the enhancement of the relationship and understanding between parties through more pre-action contact. The protocols have also been credited with ensuring that disputes which are litigated are done so on the foundation of detailed preparation and consideration. Further positives include the decrease of nuisance ill-founded claims and the success of the attached code, which categorises disputes which do not fall within the protocols. Limitations The protocols have been criticised solely for their burden and lengthy requirements. The obligation to perform tasks such as writing letters, disclosing information and exchanging expert reports all combine to duplicate the process of the claim to follow. A dispute is essentially fought twice, unnecessarily increasing time and costs. Conclusion The protocols were a strong success only falling foul in the adverse effect of the burden of administration. They represent the strength of the reforms and suggest that radical reform can be effective if implemented correctly. The Track System Under case management, a track system was proposed to assign different procedures to different cases that are separated on the merits of complexity and financial value. The CPR classifies cases into one of the three tracks of small claims, fast track and multi-track.  [16]  The small claims track is for cases of less than  £5,000 in value and the fast track including claims that are more valuable than  £5,000, but fall below  £15,000, or that fail to fit within the small claims criteria. Fast track cases are deemed to be simpler disputes, and on a slight variation, include landlord-tenant disputes and personal injury cases that are valued between  £1,000 and  £5,000. The multi-track includes all the cases over  £15,000 that fail to be placed in the fast track and small claims. Positives The fast track arrangements have been successful in having cases heard quicker, with it being claimed that this guarantees a final hearing within 30 weeks from soon after the defence has been sent to court.  [17]  The track system overall is merited for recognising that cases of different size and complexity should be dealt with in different ways with it having been noted that the criticism that such distinctions will condemn many claimants of small sums to second class justice is wholly misconceived.  [18]  This initiative has increased certainty of timetabling and improves efficiency by ensuring that judicial time is spent proportionately to the issues in claims. Limitations The track system is highly controversial because of its technique of the early classification and has struggled to contend with the extensive variables that determine the costs awarded to a party.  [19]  The most influential variable that has hindered success is the unpredictability of the length of a dispute.  [20]  In some cases it is close to impossible to balance and account for variables, such as complexity and financial value, in the early stages of a case. The track system must also contend with all the disadvantages of going to court, regardless of which track, including the common problems of cost and time. Conclusion The immediate defence of the track system that the analysis and clarification of costs is an ambitious and difficult task is not sufficient to excuse its failure. The system has fallen victim to the overload of variables and has failed to present itself as a competent antidote and controller of excessive costs. This initiative is a disappointment and current calls for its removal are justified. The concerns of the track system once again support the use of Alternate Dispute Resolution processes to reach a settlement, rather than proceed to trial. Costs Most of the descriptive guidelines of the overriding objective set out in the CPR concern the costs of litigation. High costs are often magnified by the issue of delay which acts as drag or friction upon the economy by reducing the ability of individuals and corporations to increase productivity and fully utilise capital.  [21]  At a minimum, costs must be more predictable and affordable, despite the difficulties of quantifying and identifying the sources of abstract costs not directly related to the litigation process. The objective must be reducing delay that creates excessive costs and constructing an initiative to reduce any influx in costs if a claim is inhibited by delay. The general rule of costs that the losing party must pay those of the successful party still remains. However, CPR 44.3 has modified this long-standing rule by introducing exceptions to it and giving the court discretion in the allocation of costs in certain cases. The rules of paying costs also can require the losing party to pay on account before the final sum of costs is decided by the court. This scheme, coupled with the ability to order costs or a proportion of costs which have been summarily assessed to be paid within fourteen days has established in todays litigation system a concept of what one learned commentator has described as pay as you go system for costs.  [22]  The early and continuous payment of costs promotes early settlement as the parties assess their cases earlier and can make calculations as to whether their costs will exceed their revenue. This scheme communicates the reality of a claim directly to the parties, encouraging them to rationally manage their fi nances and clarify and target their personal goals within the claim. Parties also have an incentive to adopt a more co-operative approach because of the threat of court imposed financial penalties for unreasonable conduct. This is an example of the court utilising a more forceful, realistic and arguably manipulative technique in the practical application of a reform through costs. Positives Michael Bacon identified that several long established principles relating to legal costs have either been modified or disappeared completely as a result of the Woolf reforms, and one or two totally new concepts and procedures have been introduced.  [23]  This dramatic reform has increased the predictability and certainty of costs and balanced unequal financial means between litigants through orders for the party with greater financial resources, but with the weaker case, to pay interim costs. There has also been increased enforcement of procedural rules, and action taken in respect of unreasonable conduct, by the court through automatic costs sanctions. Limitations The new costs regime has been criticised predominantly for failing to sufficiently reduce and control costs. Costs have been front loaded and perceived decreases in costs have been shown to be cancelled out by adverse effects of other reforms. In addition, cost sanctions have been criticised for being oppressive and punitive instead of preventing non-compliance with court convention. Conclusion Costs have not been successfully reduced and only minor reductions can be identified. The reasoning that costs are difficult to control because of their dependence upon a high number of variables, and the reality that there cannot be a sole recommendation targeting the financial burdens of litigation, are not justification for the failure of a multifaceted scheme designed to reduce costs. The only positive is that the emphasis on costs has raised the profile and importance of costs overall. This awareness has instigated a new outlook on reducing costs that may develop into a culture. The costs scheme constitutes the major criticism of the reforms overall. Alternative Dispute Resolution Reform of the justice system was required to promote more cases to an earlier, controlled settlement as opposed to an untidy, pressured one at the door of the court. The encouragement for early settlement follows Woolfs vision of litigation as the last resort for disputing parties, with the view that any settlement is better than proceeding to trial. This has allowed alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to take a fundamental role, and information on the sources of ADR is provided at all civil courts and legal aid funding is made available for ADR processes. ADR is the umbrella term for a group of techniques used to solve disputes other than through the traditional court adjudication. However, proceedings should not be issued or commenced if settlement is still being explored. The competency of the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR) which nominates mediators, liaises with both parties and prepares the mediation agreement, also became relevant. In theory, ADR prevents the limitations of the court process from proceeding to fruition. If a claim is settled in mediation, the costs, complexity, adversarialism, time and ineffectiveness of the court procedure are all circumvented. The reduction of cases progressing to trial also reduces the burden on the courts, allows for a more efficient and better resourced procedure and, ultimately, better access to justice. The court was therefore equipped with the power to direct parties to attempt ADR under CPR 26.4 and to order a months postponement, facilitating parties to secure a settlement. In combination with ADR processes, offers to settle, known as Part 36 offers, provide yet another stimulus to settle before court action. Part 36 offers departed from the traditional structure of settlement, allowing both the claimant and defendant to make an offer to settle before the issuing of the claim or during the actual proceedings. If an offer has been made then this will be taken into consideration by the court when awarding costs. Positives There has been a clear cultural change and increased numbers of settlements through the vigorous promotion of ADR. There now exists a regime that encourages and obliges parties and their lawyers to consider settlement and utilise ADR processes. The largely aggressive adversarial behaviour associated with disputes has been softened with a more co-operative and collaborative approach. This culture immediately decreased the number of claims reaching court, with a 19.6% fall in the number of proceedings issued from 2000 to 2001 in the Queens Bench Division.  [24]  ADR has offered willing litigants the opportunity to participate in a quicker, cheaper and more specific and flexible technique for resolving their dispute. ADR also has many personal advantages for the participants as it can be creative, reduce stress and repair relationships. Limitations The essential limitation of ADR is its reliance upon the original participation in mediation. A settlement then relies upon the facts of a case and the parties approach to ADR. Many parties take a half-hearted approach to mediation and have no real intention to negotiate for a settlement. They intend instead to avoid the financial implications of unreasonably refusing to mediate. It is argued that as a result of both failed settlement attempts and indifferent participation in mediation, ADR does not necessarily reduce costs. Mandatory mediation is argued to constitute the greatest failure of ADR. Professor Dame Hazel Genn,  [25]  through the voluntary pilot mediation scheme of the Central London County Court (CLCC), identified that the Woolf reforms have motivated parties to mediate in order to avoid financial penalties for unreasonable refusal and create the appearance of following judicial direction. There was also the 2004 Automatic Referral to Mediation Scheme (ARMS) run at CLCC, where one hundred cases a month were selected at random and sent to mediation before any court hearing. Parties unwilling to partici

A short back ground history of Ibn Battuta Essay

At a time when most men traveled by animal, the ability to travel 75,000 miles over a span of 30 years during the 14th century remains a remarkable achievement. When asked to name the historic individual who covered such a great distance, most will first mention Marco Polo, the legendary traveler who recorded his exploits in The Adventures. There was, however, another person who traveled longer distances far earlier than Marco Polo. In fact, he traveled 75,000 miles and visited 44 different countries and, due to the strict westernized recording of history, Ibn Battuta’s travels have been all but forgotten. Even Battuta’s visit to China is virtually unknown while Polo’s journey to China remained historically revered despite the fact that even to this day there remain lingering, unresolved questions as to whether or not Marco Polo truly visited China. However, if the myth sounds interesting enough, it will eventually be reported as fact. Marco Polo’s status as a mythical folk hero eliminates much criticism and scrutiny regarding his travels. Yet, Marco Polo’s travels remain famous regardless of the controversy that surrounds his journeys and the equally lengthy debate among scholars. It is not uncommon for influential non-western people to be seemingly erased from historical accounts. In the United States, history is chronicled from a western perspective with Western Europe being presented as the epicenter of the world. As such, individuals from other cultures are often viewed in a peripheral manner and not provided with the same depth of historical coverage. Marco Polo was a hero whose birth origins are in the Western World; because of this, his feats are given great credibility. In the case of Battuta, a Moroccan by descent, his achievements are glossed over despite spending 17 years in China. It will be the goal of this essay to shift scholarly and historical attention from Marco Polo to Ibn Battuta by examining his travels in China in comparison to Marco polo’s. Additionally, this essay will prove that two travelers definitely visited China. A short back ground history of Ibn Battuta Muhammed ibn Abdullah ibn Battuta or Ibn Battuta was born in Tangier, Morocco to a Muslim family in 1304. He started his travels when he was around 20 years old and continued to travel for almost 30 years. (Dunn 14). Battuta, according to Francis, belonged to the religious upper class of the Mohammedan community and received a traditional religious and scholastic education from theologians (Francis 2). His travels commenced in 1325 when Ibn went on a pilgrimage to Mecca that continued on until he had crisscrossed 75,000 miles of the world (Kegan 1). He stopped in most Muslim cities along his route and paid homage to holy sites in Damascus, Syria, Hebron, Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the face of many obstacles he met along the way (Monteil 30). A short back ground history of Marco Polo Marco Polo was a famous Silk Road traveler in 1254-1324 has surpassed the fame of all other world travelers because of his well regarded writings claimed he reached beyond Mongolia and China (Polo, 1854: B). Marco Polo was born of a family of nobles and was a Venetian by origin with a high degree of education that included a basic knowledge of theology derived from Latin principles. At the young age of 18, Marco Polo also set forth in his journey to China with his father Nicolo and uncle Matteo. They continued on their journey until they reached the dwelling of Kublai near the present day Peking in 1275 where the Mongol Great Khan Qubilai or Kublai was delighted to see them (Jackson 82). Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo’s travel in China Both travelers recorded their personal observations of the various societies they discovered in the Far East. These observations display their fond interest in the salient issues concerning the society, religion, treatment of women, and cultural habits and practices. Acquiring the experiences for these observations were not without problems, however, as both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta encountered many adversities on the way to their respective destinations. For example, Ibn dealt with a number of obstacles and this prompted the redirection travels and circumvented his original plans to remain in the Middle East region of the Maldives (Spectrum 26). This ultimately led to his traveling to China and, it must be noted, that his travel to China was far from an easy journey. Specifically, Battuta’s journey to China was difficult, lengthy and arduous, but he ultimately succeeded and reached Sumatra and Vietnam before finally arriving in the Fujian Province in China sometime between1345-1346 (Francis 235). According to Wolfe, the rulers of China during the period were the descendants of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Dynasty (Wolfe 68). Jackson also supported Marco Polo’s verifiable account that the descendant of Genghis Khan, Kublai or Qubilai Khan was the head of the Mongol empire during this timeframe (Jackson 85). Muslims and other foreigners were welcomed into China during that time where an â€Å"open door† policy was exercised (Dunn 260). As such, Battuta recorded the fact that Chinese cities like Quanzhou and Guangzhou in the southern coast and sea ports welcomed him (Donkin 135). Other ports along the Malay Peninsula were also open to Muslim travelers and traders and Malay rulers encouraged these Muslim traders to settle in their ports and bring the advantages of a strong trading economy with them (Wolfe 68).

Shortcuts to Samples of Apa Essay Outlines That Only Couple of People Know About

Shortcuts to Samples of Apa Essay Outlines That Only Couple of People Know About Furthermore, in case you look a revision like the Revision Period, it is also going to be deemed as a new outline requiring an extra payment. In the event the outline isn't readily available take some time to read a number of the documents which you have downloaded and examine the formatting they have used. Additionally, employing an outline makes it possible for you to sort of preview your paper before writing the last edition, which is frequently much easier with the assistance of a well written outline. Review the information which you have downloaded and produce an outline for the job you are going to write. It will be a lot simpler to gather data you want to compose your work when there's a big quantity of information already available quickly. On the flip side, it ought not be so broad that some resources would outweigh the info you could squeeze into one paper. 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Analysis of Bram Stokers Dracula - 672 Words

DRACULA BY BRAM STOKER The epistolary form of the novel consists of a narrative based on letters, diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documentary records. It helps to bring realism into the narrative by lacing it with personal and historical references. It helps to add believability by incorporating a variety of perspectives on the events and characters in the novel. This form works for Dracula because the log of the ship captain and the diary entries of Jonathan Harker provide personal witness accounts to prove that the events are real as opposed to imaginary. Daddy-Long-Legs by Jean Webster are a novel composed nearly entirely of letters by the orphan Jerusha Abbott to her benefactor John Smith. The form helps to record the growth of the character over the years. The novel is set during the Victorian era and explores the social norms, beliefs and values of popular Victorian society. The setting alternates between the east European Transylvania which represents the world as it was before the scientific and Industrial Revolution, and Victorian London where the effects of science and technological progress are evident in the social and intellectual zeitgeist of the period. Count Dracula lives in a Gothic period castle in Transylvania. He is an aristocratic nobleman who possesses gentlemanly manners but uses it to conceal his evil intentions of regaining feudal power over people. Jonathan Harker is a young and intelligent lawyer from London who visitsShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytical Analysis of Bram Stokers Dracula1790 Words   |  8 PagesCarlos Dena Honors English 11 5/20/13 Critical Analysis on Dracula With several illicit subjects listed throughout Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the book becomes a playground for psychoanalysts. 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